Research on the ecology of fear has highlighted the importance of perceived risk from
predators and humans in sha** animal behavior and physiology, with potential …

Decades of research have produced substantial data on elk (Cervus elaphus) diets in
winter, when foraging conditions are most likely to affect population dynamics. Using data …

Abstract Model building and data analysis in the biological sciences somewhat presupposes
that the person has some advanced education in the quantitative sciences, and statistics in …

Protected areas form crucial baselines to judge ecological change, yet areas of Africa, Asia
and North America that retain large carnivores are under intense economic and political …

Resource selection functions (RSF) can be used to explore the role of scale in determining
patterns of habitat use. We estimated RSFs for 93 radiocollared adult female elk (Cervus …

Understanding the causes and consequences of animal movements is of fundamental
biological interest because any alteration in movement can have direct and indirect effects …

Wild boar have been increasing in numbers all over Western Europe in the last 30 years.
The species is a major pest for agriculture, but it has a high value as a game species, and in …

Summary 1 For many species, human‐induced disturbances can severely influence an
individual's pay‐off; however, energy‐cost variations from different disturbance types have …

Migratory ungulates are thought to be declining globally because their dependence on large
landscapes renders them highly vulnerable to environmental change. Yet recent studies …

Conservation of migration requires information on behavior and environmental
determinants. The spatial distribution of forage resources, which migration exploits, often are …