Double-network (DN) hydrogels are tough soft materials, and the high fracture resistance
can be attributed to the formation of a large damage zone (internal fracture of the brittle first …

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is one of the leading causes of chronic pain and
disability, and traditional treatment methods often struggle to restore its complex …

Zwitterionic hydrogels, with their unique antibacterial and tissue-adhesive nature, show
great potential in the fields of wearable sensors, healthcare monitoring, and e-skins …

A systematic understanding of the toughening and self-healing mechanisms of artificial soft
tissues is crucial for advancing their robust application in biomedical engineering. However …

The stable and controlled substance transportation regulated by intricate mechanisms in
nature enables the growth of an elaborate crystal structure under diffusion control …