Study Design. This article describes the development of a musculoskeletal model of the
human lumbar spine with focus on back muscles. It includes data from literature in a …

There are both theoretical and empirical underpinnings that provide evidence that the
musculoskeletal system develops, functions, and ages as a whole. Thus, the risk of …

A new musculoskeletal model for the lumbar spine is described in this paper. This model
features a rigid pelvis and sacrum, the five lumbar vertebrae, and a rigid torso consisting of a …

We developed and validated a fully articulated model of the thoracolumbar spine in opensim
that includes the individual vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. To ensure trunk muscles in the …

Background: Muscular instability is an important risk factor for lumbar spine injury and
chronic low-back pain. Although the lumbar multifidus muscle is considered an important …

The objective of this work is to present a musculo-skeletal model of the lumbar spine, which
can be shared and lends itself to investigation in many locations by different researchers …

Background and Purpose Patients with increased thoracic curvature often come to physical
therapists for management of spinal pain and disorders. Although treatment approaches are …

BACKGROUND: Antagonistic activation of abdominal muscles and increased intra-
abdominal pressure are associated with both spinal unloading and spinal stabilization …

Despite the well-recognized role of lifting in back injuries, the relative biomechanical merits
of squat versus stoop lifting remain controversial. In vivo kinematics measurements and …

To resolve the trunk redundancy to determine muscle forces, spinal loads, and stability
margin in isometric forward flexion tasks, combined in vivo-numerical model studies was …