The origin and early evolution of land plants in the mid-Palaeozoic era, between about 480
and 360 million years ago, was an important event in the history of life, with far-reaching …

Trees, shrubs, lianas and herbs have widely different mechanical architectures, which can
also vary phenotypically with the environment. This review investigates how environmental …

The dominant plants of the Late Carboniferous lowland tropics were taxonomically and
structurally distinct from those of any later time periods. Dominance was distributed among …

Premise of research. The Late Paleozoic Ice Age was the last extensive pre-Pleistocene ice
age. It includes many climate changes of different intensities, permitting examination of …

The application of homology varies depending on the data being examined. This volume
represents a state-of-the-art treatment of the different applications of this unifying concept …

We discuss contrasting approaches to cladistic character definition and thus to cladistic data
matrix compilation. The conventional approach considers character states as alternate forms …

The late Paleozoic earth experienced alternation between glacial and non‐glacial climates
at multiple temporal scales, accompanied by atmospheric CO2 fluctuations and global …

Tyrannosaurids are a well-supported clade of very large predatory dinosaurs of Late
Cretaceous Asiamerica. Traditional dinosaurian systematics place these animals within the …

Summary 1 In aggregate, past discussions of heterospory and its role in the alternation of
generations are riddled with ambiguities that reflect overlap of terms and concepts …

Improvements in our understanding of green plant phylogeny are casting new light on the
connection between character evolution and diversification. The repeated discovery of …