A ubiquitously expressed cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays a
significant role in various ongoing cellular mechanisms. The gain or loss-of-function of TGF …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the primary factor that drives fibrosis in most, if not
all, forms of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Inhibition of the TGF-β isoform, TGF-β1, or its …

Cartilage homeostasis is governed by articular chondrocytes via their ability to modulate
extracellular matrix production and degradation. In turn, chondrocyte activity is regulated by …

Hypertrophic differentiation is not only the terminal process of endochondral ossification in
the growth plate but is also an important pathological change in osteoarthritic cartilage …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is important in the
regulation of joint homeostasis and disease. TGFβ signalling is induced by loading and has …

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are clinically useful for cell-based therapy, but
concerns regarding their ability to replicate limit their human application. MSCs release …

Endothelial cell (EC) sensing of wall fluid shear stress (FSS) from blood flow governs vessel
remodeling to maintain FSS at a specific magnitude or set point in healthy vessels. Low FSS …

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is one of the few signaling molecules that regulate a
truly astonishing number of critical intracellular signaling pathways. It has been implicated in …

Nearly every form of the heart disease is associated with myocardial fibrosis, which is
characterized by the accumulation of activated cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and excess …

Sprouting angiogenesis drives blood vessel growth in healthy and diseased tissues. Vegf
and Dll4/Notch signalling cooperate in a negative feedback loop that specifies endothelial …