During the last decades, a variety of digital tools have been developed to support both the
planning and management of cities, as well as the inclusion of civic society. Here, the …

CityGML is the international standard of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) for the
representation and exchange of 3D city models. It defines the three-dimensional geometry …

Over the last decade, more and more cities and even countries worldwide are creating
semantic 3D city models of their physical environment based on the international CityGML …

This paper presents a dynamic geospatial knowledge graph as part of The World Avatar
project, with an underlying ontology based on CityGML 2.0 for three-dimensional …

This review focuses on recent research literature on the use of Semantic Web Technologies
(SWT) in city planning. The review foregrounds representational, evaluative, projective, and …

This paper presents a system of autonomous intelligent software agents, based on a
cognitive architecture, capable of automated instantiation, visualisation and analysis of …

In this paper, we describe an approach for efficiently streaming large and highly detailed 3D
city models, which is based on open standards and open source developments. This …

We have been witnessing an increased interest in a more holistic approach to urban design
practice and education. In this paper we present a spatial data model for urban design that …

Applications in smart cities are inseparable from the usage of three-dimensional (3D)
building models. However, the cost of generating and constructing 3D building models with …

This article presents a system architecture and a set of interfaces that can build scalable
information systems capable of large city modeling based on dynamic geospatial knowledge …