The human proteome contains approximately 20,000 proteins, and it is estimated that more
than 600 of them are functionally important for various types of cancers, including nearly 400 …

The IL (interleukin)-6-type cytokines IL-6, IL-11, LIF (leukaemia inhibitory factor), OSM
(oncostatin M), ciliary neurotrophic factor, cardiotrophin-1 and cardiotrophin-like cytokine are …

The iodothyronine deiodinases initiate or terminate thyroid hormone action and therefore
are critical for the biological effects mediated by thyroid hormone. Over the years, research …

The concentrations and functions of many eukaryotic proteins are regulated by the ubiquitin
pathway, which consists of ubiquitin activation (E1), conjugation (E2), and ligation (E3) …

Elongin is a heterotrimeric elongation factor for RNA polymerase (Pol) II transcription that is
conserved among metazoa. Here, we report three cryo-EM structures of human Elongin …

The ECS (Elongin B/C-Cul2/Cul5-SOCS-box protein) complex is a member of a family of
ubiquitin ligases that share a Cullin-Rbx module. SOCS-box proteins recruit substrates to …

The SCF (Skp1–Cullin–F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase family was discovered through genetic
requirements for cell cycle progression in budding yeast. In these multisubunit enzymes, an …

Although MDM2 plays a major role in regulating the stability of the p53 tumor suppressor
protein, other poorly understood MDM2-independent pathways also exist. Human …

This review summarizes recent advances concerning the Nedd8 regulatory pathway in four
areas. One, substantial progress has been made in delineating the role of cullin family …

Circadian rhythms are approximate 24-h behavioral and physiological cycles that function to
prepare an organism for daily environmental changes. The basic clock mechanism is a …