Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that is vital to the survival,
growth, and maintenance of neurons in key brain circuits involved in emotional and …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and is a risk
factor for dementia later in life. Research into the pathophysiology of TBI has focused on the …

Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past
60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning …

Significant progress has been made in understanding the neurobiological mechanisms
through which exercise protects and restores the brain. In this feature review, we integrate …

It has been 70 years since Donald Hebb published his formalized theory of synaptic
adaptation during learning. Hebb's seminal work foreshadowed some of the great …

There has long been discussion regarding the positive effects of physical exercise on brain
activity. However, physical exercise has only recently begun to receive the attention of the …

Oxidative stress (OS), caused by the imbalance between the generation and detoxification of
reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), plays an important role in brain aging …

Vision is critical for the functional and structural maturation of connections in the mammalian
visual system. Visual experience, however, is a subset of a more general requirement for …

▪ Abstract It has been clear for almost two decades that cortical representations in adult
animals are not fixed entities, but rather, are dynamic and are continuously modified by …

The fact that medial temporal lobe structures, including the hippocampus, are critical for
declarative memory is firmly established by now. The understanding of the role that these …