Conversational agents such as chatbots have recently gained a lot of traction in various
industries, including education, marketing, and healthcare. In K–12 and higher education …

The announcement of a progressive decrease in digitalization and the reintroduction of
paper-based reading and traditional pedagogical methods in Swedish schools has initiated …

This study aimed to examine an assumption regarding whether generative artificial
intelligence (GAI) tools can overcome the cognitive intensity that humans suffer when …

The research aims to explore the influence of digital short story literacy on environmental
care character through moderation of reading interest. It is a quantitative study that …

Science literacy is the ability of individuals to understand, evaluate, and apply scientific
knowledge in everyday problem-solving, while critical thinking is the ability to analyze …

Previous research has documented that students' reading comprehension performance in
learning English as a foreign language (EFL) differs greatly between mobile-assisted and …

How students perceive the difficulty of a reading task may significantly influence their
reading process and outcome. This perception of task difficulty is determined by the …

Natural language processing (NLP) models find extensive applications but face
vulnerabilities against adversarial inputs. Traditional defenses lean heavily on supervised …

Abstract Background Computerised adaptive tests (CATs) are tests that provide
personalised, efficient and accurate measurement while reducing testing time, depending …

Second language (L2) writing plays an important role in improving the learners' language
skills of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in terms of language expression and linguistic …