The now-classic goal-gradient hypothesis posits that organisms increase effort expenditure
as a function of their proximity to a goal. Despite nearly a century having passed since its …

One of the most enduring theories in psychology and cognitive science is that of the law of
least work—which posits that, all else being equal, organisms will avoid effortful courses of …

It has long been debated whether the decline in cognitive performance in the course of a
task occurs because the costs of performing cognitive actions increase, or due to the …