Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a crucial enforcer of immune homeostasis and
tolerance, inhibiting the expansion and function of many components of the immune system …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signalling controls multiple cell fate decisions during
development and tissue homeostasis; hence, dysregulation of this pathway can drive …

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease involving the destruction of both soft and hard tissue
in the periodontal region. Although dysbiosis of the local microbial community initiates local …

IL-17-producing T lymphocytes have been recently shown to comprise a distinct lineage of
proinflammatory T helper cells, termed Th17 cells, that are major contributors to autoimmune …

CD4 T cells play critical roles in mediating adaptive immunity to a variety of pathogens. They
are also involved in autoimmunity, asthma, and allergic responses as well as in tumor …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the PD‐1: PD‐ligand (PD‐L) pathway are both critical to
terminating immune responses. Elimination of either can result in the breakdown of …

Over the past few decades, substantial evidence has convincingly revealed the existence of
cancer stem cells (CSCs) as a minor subpopulation in cancers, contributing to an aberrantly …

Both the programmed death (PD) 1–PD-ligand (PD-L) pathway and regulatory T (T reg) cells
are instrumental to the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. We demonstrate that PD-L1 has …

The immune system plays a critical role in protecting hosts from the invasion of organisms.
CD4 T cells, as a key component of the immune system, are central in orchestrating adaptive …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a key cytokine regulating the development,
activation, proliferation, differentiation, and death of T cells. In CD4+ T cells, TGF-β maintains …