Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signalling controls multiple cell fate decisions during
development and tissue homeostasis; hence, dysregulation of this pathway can drive …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a key cytokine regulating the development,
activation, proliferation, differentiation, and death of T cells. In CD4+ T cells, TGF-β maintains …

Over the past few decades, substantial evidence has convincingly revealed the existence of
cancer stem cells (CSCs) as a minor subpopulation in cancers, contributing to an aberrantly …

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease involving the destruction of both soft and hard tissue
in the periodontal region. Although dysbiosis of the local microbial community initiates local …

The immune system plays a critical role in protecting hosts from the invasion of organisms.
CD4 T cells, as a key component of the immune system, are central in orchestrating adaptive …

Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are
central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a crucial enforcer of immune homeostasis and
tolerance, inhibiting the expansion and function of many components of the immune system …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) proactively remodel their microenvironment to maintain a
supportive niche. Viewed through the lens of an ecosystem, numerous tumor components …

Dendritic cells are powerful antigen-presenting cells that are essential for the priming of T
cell responses. In addition to providing T-cell-receptor ligands and co-stimulatory molecules …

Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) with a mismatch repair-deficiency (MMR-
D)/microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) phenotype carries unique characteristics such as …