Mutagenesis provides insight into proteins, but only recently have assays that couple
genotype to phenotype been used to assess the activities of as many as 1 million mutant …

The structure, function, and evolution of proteins depend on physical and genetic
interactions among amino acids. Recent studies have used new strategies to explore the …

Epistatic interactions can make the outcomes of evolution unpredictable, but no
comprehensive data are available on the extent and temporal dynamics of changes in the …

The amino acid sequence of a protein affects both its structure and its function. Thus, the
ability to modify the sequence, and hence the structure and activity, of individual proteins in …

Background Nonadditivity in fitness effects from two or more mutations, termed epistasis, can
result in compensation of deleterious mutations or negation of beneficial mutations. Recent …

To what extent is the convergent evolution of protein function attributable to convergent or
parallel changes at the amino acid level? The mutations that contribute to adaptive protein …

Humans have adapted to the chronic hypoxia of high altitude in several locations, and
recent genome-wide studies have indicated a genetic basis. In some populations, genetic …

To investigate the predictability of genetic adaptation, we examined the molecular basis of
convergence in hemoglobin function in comparisons involving 56 avian taxa that have …

The structure of fitness landscapes is critical for understanding adaptive protein evolution.
Previous empirical studies on fitness landscapes were confined to either the neighborhood …

Population genomic analyses of high-altitude humans and other vertebrates have identified
numerous candidate genes for hypoxia adaptation, and the physiological pathways …