In this article we develop the concept that the hippocampus and the midbrain dopaminergic
neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) form a functional loop. Activation of the loop …

Electrical recordings from the surface of the skull have a wide range of rhythmic
components. A major task of analysis of this EEG is to determine their source and functional …

Recent physiological studies have implicated theta—a high-amplitude 4–8 Hz oscillation
that is prominent in rat hippocampus during locomotion, orienting and other voluntary …

The hippocampus has a well-established role in spatial and episodic memory but a broader
function has been proposed including aspects of perception and relational processing …

We examine how oscillations in the intracranial electroencephalogram (iEEG) relate to
human maze learning. Theta-band activity (4–12 Hz in rodents; 4–8 Hz in humans) plays a …

A limited number (7±2) of items can be held in human short-term memory (STM). We have
previously suggested that observed dual (theta and gamma) oscillations could underlie a …

Dopamine (DA) plays an essential role in the enablement of cognition. It adds color to
experience-dependent information storage, conferring salience to the memories that result …

Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) are a basic, non-invasive method of neurophysiological
investigation. They can be used to assess aspects of human cognitive information …

Novelty is central to the study of memory, but the wide range of experimental manipulations
aimed to reveal its effects on learning produced inconsistent results. The novelty/encoding …

There is growing interest in sleep research and increasing demand for screening of
circadian rhythms in genetically modified animals. This requires reliable sleep stage scoring …