Pupil size is a widely used metric of brain state. It is one of the few signals originating from
the brain that can be readily monitored with low-cost devices in basic science, clinical, and …

The pupil dilates and reconstricts following task events. It is popular to model this task-
evoked pupil response as a linear transformation of event-locked impulses, whose …

Parental responsiveness to infant behaviors is a strong predictor of infants' language and
cognitive outcomes. The mechanisms underlying this effect, however, are relatively …

Learning signals during reinforcement learning and cognitive control rely on valenced
reward prediction errors (RPEs) and non-valenced salience prediction errors (PEs) driven …

Midbrain dopamine neurons encode reward prediction error (RPE) signals and are involved
in reinforcement learning, which in turn influences various decision-making behaviors …

Behavior exhibited by humans and other organisms is generally inconsistent and biased
and, thus, is often labeled irrational. However, the origins of this seemingly suboptimal …

When faced with potential threat we must estimate its probability, respond advantageously,
and leverage experience to update future estimates. Threat estimation is the proposed …

Machine learning research has achieved large performance gains on a wide range of tasks
by expanding the learning target from mean rewards to entire probability distributions of …

The ventral striatum (VS) and amygdala are two structures often implicated as essential
structures for learning. The literature addressing the contribution of these areas to learning …

Associative learning involves complex interactions of multiple cognitive factors. While adult
subjects can articulate these factors verbally, for model animals such as macaques, we rely …