Since taking flight, insects have undergone repeated evolutionary transitions between two
seemingly distinct flight modes,–. Some insects neurally activate their muscles …

Flap**-wing insects, birds and robots are thought to offset the high power cost of
oscillatory wing motion by using elastic elements for energy storage and return. Insects …

Insects have developed diverse flight actuation mechanisms, including synchronous and
asynchronous musculature. Indirect actuation, used by insects with both synchronous and …

The excellent biological characteristics of insects provide an important source of inspiration
for designing micro air vehicles (MAVs). Insect flight is an incredibly complex and energy …

Insect flight motors are extraordinary natural structures that operate efficiently at high
frequencies. Structural resonance is thought to play a role in ensuring efficient motor …

Insects with asynchronous flight muscles are believed to flap at the effective fundamental
frequency of their thorax–wing system. Flap** in this manner leverages the natural …

Flying insects have elastic materials within their exoskeletons that could reduce the
energetic cost of flight if their wingbeat frequency is matched to a mechanical resonance …

Small organisms use propulsive springs rather than muscles to repeatedly actuate high
acceleration movements, even when constrained to tiny displacements and limited by …

For flying insects, stability is essential to maintain the orientation and direction of motion in
flight. Flight instability is caused by a variety of factors, such as intended abrupt flight …

Centimetre-scale fliers must contend with the high power requirements of flap** flight.
Insects have elastic elements in their thoraxes which may reduce the inertial costs of their …