MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathways regulate a variety of biological
processes through multiple cellular mechanisms. In most of these processes, such as …

Oxidative stress basically defines a condition in which prooxidant–antioxidant balance in the
cell is disturbed; cellular biomolecules undergo severe oxidative damage, ultimately …

A single mouse click on the topic tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in PubMed reveals about 50
000 articles providing one or the other information about this pleiotropic cytokine or its …

Proteins can exist in a trinity of structures: the ordered state, the molten globule, and the
random coil. The five following examples suggest that native protein structure can …

Jun N-terminal kinases or JNKs play a critical role in death receptor-initiated extrinsic as well
as mitochondrial intrinsic apoptotic pathways. JNKs activate apoptotic signaling by the …

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which have well-known antimicrobial properties, are
extensively used in various medical and general applications. Despite the widespread use …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a preferential
loss of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigrapars compacta. Although the …

The JNKs are master protein kinases that regulate many physiological processes, including
inflammatory responses, morphogenesis, cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and …

The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) is activated when cells are exposed to ultraviolet (UV)
radiation. However, the functional consequence of JNK activation in UV-irradiated cells has …

BACKGROUND Compelling evidence indicates that paclitaxel kills cancer cells through the
induction of apoptosis. Paclitaxel binds microtubules and causes kinetic suppression …