Large-sample hydrology (LSH) relies on data from large sets (tens to thousands) of
catchments to go beyond individual case studies and derive robust conclusions on …

The extension of the ERA5 reanalysis back to 1950 supplements the previously published
segment covering 1979 to the present. It features the assimilation of additional conventional …

Historical reanalyses that span more than a century are needed for a wide range of studies,
from understanding large‐scale climate trends to diagnosing the impacts of individual …

Observations of conditions at the ocean surface have been made for centuries, contributing
to some of the longest instrumental records of climate change. Most prominent is the climate …

Abstract The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) provides open and free access to
state-of-the-art climate data and tools for use by governments, public authorities, and private …

Instrumental meteorological measurements from periods prior to the start of national weather
services are designated “early instrumental data.” They have played an important role in …

Billions of historical climatological observations remain unavailable to science as they exist
only on paper, stored in numerous archives around the world. The conversion of these data …

A distinction is made between data rescue (ie, copying, digitizing, and archiving) and data
recovery that implies deciphering, interpreting, and transforming early instrumental readings …

We describe a dataset of recently digitised meteorological observations from 40 locations in
today's Switzerland, covering the 18th and 19th centuries. Three fundamental variables …

The decadal variability of weather and its extremes are still poorly understood. This is partly
due to the scarcity of records, which, for many parts of the world, only allow for studies of …