The existence of mantle plumes was first proposed in the 1970s to explain intra-plate,
hotspot volcanism, yet owing to difficulties in resolving mantle upwellings with geophysical …

Earth's origins are challenging to elucidate, given the lack of surviving terrestrial geology
from the first 500 Myr of the Solar System. In this Review, we discuss breakthroughs in …

The observation that mid-ocean ridge basalts had~ 3× higher iodine/plutonium ratios
(inferred from xenon isotopes) compared to ocean island basalts holds critical insights into …

The lowermost mantle right above the core-mantle boundary is highly heterogeneous
containing multiple poorly understood seismic features. The smallest but most extreme …

Earth's core is likely the largest reservoir of carbon (C) in the planet, but its C abundance has
been poorly constrained because measurements of carbon's preference for core versus …

Noble gases have played a key role in our understanding of the origin of Earth's volatiles,
mantle structure, and long-term degassing of the mantle. Here we synthesize new insights …

Each of the halogens constrains a different aspect of volatile cycling in the solid Earth. F is
moderately incompatible in the mantle and has a low mobility at Earth's surface, meaning …

Magnesium partitioning between metal and silicate was experimentally investigated
between 34 and 138 GPa, 3,500 and 5,450 K using laser‐heated diamond anvil cells. The …

The distribution and transportation of water in Earth's interior depends on the stability of
water-bearing phases. The transition zone in Earth's mantle is generally accepted as an …

Core segregation and atmosphere formation are two of the major processes that redistribute
the volatile elements—hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S)—in and around …