Intestinal tract is the boundary that prevents harmful molecules from invading into the
mucosal tissue, followed by systemic circulation. Intestinal permeability is an index for …

The human gut microbiome is a diverse and complex ecosystem that plays a critical role in
health and disease. The composition of the gut microbiome has been well studied across all …

The class C lostridia in the phylum F irmicutes (formerly low‐G+ CG ram‐positive bacteria)
includes diverse bacteria of medical, environmental and biotechnological importance. The S …

Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis involves an asymmetric cell division followed by
differentiation into two cell types, the endospore and the mother cell. The endospore coat is …

The taxonomy of spore‐forming Gram‐positive bacteria has a long and colorful history. In
1872, 35 years after Christian Ehrenberg provided the initial description of Vibrio subtilis …

Life is the harnessing of chemical energy in such a way that the energy-harnessing device
makes a copy of itself. This paper outlines an energetically feasible path from a particular …

Three classes of low‐G+ C Gram‐positive bacteria (Firmicutes), Bacilli, Clostridia and
Negativicutes, include numerous members that are capable of producing heat‐resistant …

The bacterial envelope is one of the oldest and most essential cellular components and has
been traditionally divided into Gram-positive (monoderm) and Gram-negative (diderm) …

The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a heterogeneous and complex microbial
community, which plays a key role in human health. The gut microbiota controls the …

The current classification of the phylum Firmicutes (new name, Bacillota) features eight
distinct classes, six of which include known spore-forming bacteria. In Bacillus subtilis …