We revisit the challenges and prospects for ocean circulation models following Griffies et al..
Over the past decade, ocean circulation models evolved through improved understanding …

The water mass transformation (WMT) framework weaves together circulation,
thermodynamics, and biogeochemistry into a description of the ocean that complements …

Most of the kinetic energy of ocean circulation is contained in ubiquitous mesoscale eddies.
Their prominent signatures in sea surface height have rendered satellite altimetry highly …

Abstract The Modeling Eddies in the Southern Ocean (MESO) project uses numerical
sensitivity studies to examine the role played by Southern Ocean winds and eddies in …

Satellite remote sensing, in particular by radar altimetry, is a crucial technique for
observations of the ocean surface and of many aspects of land surfaces, and of paramount …

The Finite Element Sea Ice-Ocean Model (FESOM) is the first global ocean general
circulation model based on unstructured-mesh methods that has been developed for the …

A review is given that focuses on why the sideways mixing of potential vorticity (PV) across
its background gradient tends to be inhomogeneous, arguably a reason why persistent jets …

An approximate mass (volume) budget in the surface layer of the Southern Ocean is used to
investigate the intensity and regional variability of the ventilation process, discussed here in …

Geostrophic eddies control the meridional mixing of heat, carbon, and other climatically
important tracers in the Southern Ocean. The rate of eddy mixing is typically quantified …

The Kongsfjorden conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) Transect has been monitored
annually since 1994. It covers the full length of the fjord and the shelf, and the upper part of …