In 2002, a transmembrane protein—now known as FNDC5—was discovered and shown to
be expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. It was virtually ignored for 10 years, until a …

This review reports in detail the cellular and molecular mechanisms which regulate the bone
remodeling process in relation to oxidative stress (OS), inflammatory factors, and estrogen …

Systematic bone loss is commonly complicated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs)
with unclear pathogenesis and uncertain treatment. In experimental colitis mouse models …

Vital osteocytes have been well known to function as an important orchestrator in the
preservation of robustness and fidelity of the bone remodeling process. Nevertheless, some …

Recent evidence suggests that physical exercise (EX) promotes skeletal development.
However, the impact of EX on the progression of bone loss and deterioration of mechanical …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) provokes severe inflammation and cell death in sepsis, with liver
being the major affected organ. Up-to-date, neither the mechanism of action nor target …

Irisin is a muscle-secreted hormone that is generated by cleavage of membrane protein
FNDC-5 (fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5). Irisin is considered to be a …

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine expressed by macrophages,
monocytes, and T cells, and its expression is triggered by the immune system in response to …

Irisin is an exercise induced myokine first shown to induce the browning of white adipose
tissue (WAT) which increases energy expenditure, improves glucose tolerance, and reduces …

Sarcopenia and osteoporosis are common musculoskeletal comorbidities of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that seriously affect the quality of life and prognosis …