Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles produced naturally by many cell types. They are
specifically loaded with nucleic acid cargo, dependent on the exosome-producing cell and …

Microvesicles (MVs) are released from almost all cell brain types into the microenvironment
and are emerging as a novel way of cell-to-cell communication. This review focuses on MVs …

Perisynaptic astrocytes express important glutamate transporters, especially excitatory
amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2, rodent analog GLT1) to regulate extracellular glutamate …

Wnt signaling plays critical roles during synaptic development and plasticity. However, the
mechanisms by which Wnts are released and travel to target cells are unresolved. During …

Animal cells secrete small vesicles, otherwise known as exosomes and microvesicles
(EMVs). A short, N-terminal acylation tag can target a highly oligomeric cytoplasmic protein …

In Caenorhabditis elegans, transcriptional factor DAF-16 in insulin signaling pathway played
important role in regulating transgenerational nanoplastic toxicity. Activation of insulin …

Cells from bacteria to man release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain signaling
molecules like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The content, formation, and signaling roles …

The Caenorhabditis elegans epidermis forms one of the principal barrier epithelia of the
animal. Differentiation of the epidermis begins in mid embryogenesis and involves apical …

The vesicular adenosine triphosphatase (v-ATPase) is a proton pump that acidifies
intracellular compartments. In addition, mutations in components of the membrane-bound v …

The tetraspanins constitute a conserved superfamily of four-span membrane proteins that
are widely distributed in multi-cellular organisms. A characteristic property of tetraspanins is …