Females and males often differ extensively in their physical traits. This sexual dimorphism is
largely caused by differences in gene expression. Recent advances in genomics, such as …

Methods of transcriptional profiling have made it possible to compare gene expression
between females and males on a genome-wide scale. Such studies have revealed that sex …

Many species groups, including mammals and many insects, determine sex using
heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Diptera flies, which include the model Drosophila …

Genes are perpetually added to and deleted from genomes during evolution. Thus, it is
important to understand how new genes are formed and how they evolve to be critical …

Dosage compensation is an epigenetic mechanism that normalizes gene expression from
unequal copy numbers of sex chromosomes. Different organisms have evolved alternative …

Although sex chromosomes have evolved from autosomes, they often have unusual
regulatory regimes that are sex-and cell-type-specific such as dosage compensation (DC) …

Many animals with genetic sex determination harbor heteromorphic sex chromosomes,
where the heterogametic sex has half the gene dose of the homogametic sex. This …

Sex-biased genes are thought to drive phenotypic differences between males and females.
The recent availability of high-throughput gene expression data for many related species …

The three fruitfly species of the Drosophila simulans clade—D. simulans, D. mauritiana, and
D. sechellia—have served as important models in speciation genetics for over 40 years …

A faster rate of adaptive evolution of X‐linked genes compared with autosomal genes can
be caused by the fixation of recessive or partially recessive advantageous mutations, due to …