Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) and bone morphometric proteins (BMPs) belong to
the TGF-β superfamily and perform essential functions during osteoblast and chondrocyte …

Cancer progression with uncontrolled tumor growth, local invasion, and metastasis depends
largely on the proteolytic activity of numerous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which …

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling
has fundamental roles in both embryonic skeletal development and postnatal bone …

Usually the dense extracellular structure in fibrotic tissues is described as extracellular
matrix (ECM) or simply as collagen. However, fibrosis is not just fibrosis, which is already …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into several lineages during development
and also contribute to tissue homeostasis and regeneration, although the requirements for …

Bones are constantly remodeled throughout life to maintain robust structure and function.
Dysfunctional remodeling can result in pathological conditions such as osteoporosis (bone …

As their name implies, matrix metalloproteinases are thought to be responsible for the
turnover and degradation of the extracellular matrix. However, matrix degradation is neither …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the arterial wall where both innate and adaptive
immunoinflammatory mechanisms are involved. Inflammation is central at all stages of …