Composting, as a conventional solid waste treatment method, plays an essential role in
carbon and nitrogen conservation, thereby reducing the loss of nutrients and energy …

The origin story and emergence of molecular biology is muddled. The early triumphs in
bacterial genetics and the complexity of animal and plant genomes complicate an intricate …

Aging animals display a broad range of progressive degenerative changes, and one of the
most fascinating is the decline of female reproductive function. In the model organism …

Plasticity is a widespread feature of development, enabling phenotypic change based on the
environment. Although the evolutionary loss of plasticity has been linked both theoretically …

Although many studies have examined quantitative trait variation across many species, only
a small number of genes and thereby molecular mechanisms have been discovered …

Genomic reaction norms represent the range of gene expression phenotypes (usually
mRNA transcript levels) expressed by a genotype along an environmental gradient …

Animals rely on their nervous systems to process sensory inputs, integrate these with
internal signals, and produce behavioral outputs. This is enabled by the highly specialized …

Genetic assimilation is the process by which a phenotype that is initially induced by an
environmental stimulus becomes stably inherited in the absence of the stimulus after a few …

Whether populations can adapt to predicted climate change conditions, and how rapidly, are
critical questions for the management of natural systems. Experimental evolution has …

Genetic assimilation is the evolutionary process by which an environmentally induced
phenotype becomes genetically encoded and constitutive. Genetic assimilation has been …