Most chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus and synthesized on free, cytosolic
ribosomes in precursor form. Each precursor has an amino‐terminal extension called a …

Most proteins in chloroplasts are encoded by the nuclear genome and synthesized as
precursors with N-terminal targeting signals called transit peptides. Novel machinery has …

The TOC and TIC complexes are essential translocons that facilitate the import of the
nuclear genome-encoded preproteins across the two envelope membranes of chloroplast …

Chloroplasts import thousands of nucleus-encoded preproteins synthesized in the cytosol
through the TOC and TIC translocons on the outer and inner envelope membranes …

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae APE1 gene product, aminopeptidase I (API), is a soluble
hydrolase that has been shown to be localized to the vacuole. API lacks a standard signal …

Components of the protein import machinery of the chloroplast were isolated by a procedure
in which the import machinery was engaged in vitro with a tagged import substrate under …

Modulation of photosynthesis and chloroplast biogenesis, by low and high temperatures,
was studied in 12-d-old pea (Pisum sativum) plants grown at 25° C and subsequently …

Chloroplasts are essential organelles in the cells of plants and algae. The functions of these
specialized plastids are largely dependent on the~ 3000 proteins residing in the organelle …

Plastids are ubiquitous plant cell organelles that perform many essential functions.
Chloroplasts are the most complex type of plastid, both structurally and functionally …

Most mitochondrial and chloroplast proteins are synthesized on cytosolic polyribosomes as
precursor proteins, with an N-terminal signal sequence that targets the precursor to the …