The short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) butyrate, propionate and acetate are microbial
metabolites and their availability in the gut and other organs is determined by environmental …

The lungs were long thought to be sterile until technical advances uncovered the presence
of the lung microbial community. The microbiome of healthy lungs is mainly derived from the …

Prenatal and early postnatal life represent key periods of immune system development. In
addition to genetics and host biology, environment has a large and irreversible role in the …

Postbiotics are non-viable bacterial products or metabolic byproducts produced by probiotic
microorganisms that have biologic activity in the host. Postbiotics are functional bioactive …

Symbiotic microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract promote health by decreasing
susceptibility to infection and enhancing resistance to a range of diseases. In this Review …

Bifidobacterium is a widely distributed commensal bacterial genus that displays beneficial
pro-homeostatic and anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory properties. Depletion or absence …

Breastfeeding profoundly shapes the infant gut microbiota, which is critical for early life
immune development, and the gut microbiota can impact host physiology in various ways …

The gut microbiome and the intestinal immune system are driving contributors to
inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Both have an important signalling factor in common …

Dynamic interactions between gut microbiota and a host's innate and adaptive immune
systems are essential in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and inhibiting inflammation. Gut …

The relationship between diet and the diversity and function of the intestinal microbiome and
its importance for human health is currently the subject of many studies. The type and …