Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating illness characterized by neuroanatomical
and functional alterations in limbic structures, notably the prefrontal cortex (PFC), that can be …

Increasing evidence points to an association between major depressive disorders (MDDs)
and diverse types of GABAergic deficits. In this review, we summarize clinical and preclinical …

There is increasing, but largely indirect, evidence pointing to an effect of commensal gut
microbiota on the central nervous system (CNS). However, it is unknown whether lactic acid …

GABAA (γ-aminobutyric acid, type A) receptors are a family of ligand-gated ion channels that
are essential for the regulation of central nervous system function. Benzodiazepines—which …

In the regulation of behavior, the role of GABA neurons has been extensively studied in the
circuit of fear, where GABA interneurons play key parts in the acquisition, storage and …

Anxiety is a psychological, physiological, and behavioral state induced in animals and
humans by a threat to well-being or survival, either actual or potential. It is characterized by …

We present in this paper a picture of the neural systems controlling defense that updates
and simplifies Gray's “Neuropsychology of Anxiety”. It is based on two behavioural …

Fear and anxiety are poorly delineated in much of the clinical and research literatures.
Although some theorists and researchers have posited explanations for how trait fear and …

Psychiatry has proven to be among the least penetrable clinical disciplines for the
development of satisfactory in vivo model systems for evaluating novel treatment …

Measuring anxiety-like behaviour in mice has been mostly undertaken using a few classical
animal models of anxiety such as the elevated plus-maze, the light/dark choice or the open …