Two adolescent mental health fields—sleep and depression—have advanced largely in
parallel until about four years ago. Although sleep problems have been thought to be a …

Shift work, defined as work occurring outside typical daytime working hours, is associated
with an increased risk of various non‐communicable diseases, including diabetes and …

Ocular light exposure has important influences on human health and well-being through
modulation of circadian rhythms and sleep, as well as neuroendocrine and cognitive …

Light suppresses melatonin in humans, with the strongest response occurring in the short-
wavelength portion of the spectrum between 446 and 477 nm that appears blue. Blue …

Bright light therapy for seasonal affective disorder (SAD) has been investigated and applied
for over 20 years. Physicians and clinicians are increasingly confident that bright light …

The periodic light-dark cycle is the dominant environmental synchronizer used by humans to
entrain to the geophysical 24-h day. Entrainment is a fundamental property of circadian …

The circadian rhythm of melatonin in saliva or plasma, or of the melatonin metabolite 6-
sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6S) in urine, is a defining feature of suprachiasmatic nucleus …

The absolute and spectral sensitivities to light by the human circadian system, measured
through melatonin suppression or phase shifting response, are beginning to emerge after a …

Melanopsin is a short-wavelength-sensitive photopigment that was discovered only around
20 years ago. It is expressed in the cell bodies and processes of a subset of retinal ganglion …

In mammals, synchronization of the circadian pacemaker in the hypothalamus is achieved
through direct input from the eyes conveyed by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion …