Males and females can be under different evolutionary pressures if sexual and natural
selection is differentially operating in each sex. As a result, many species have evolved …

Both natural and sexual selection are thought to affect the evolution of bird color. Most
studies of the topic have focused on sexually dichromatic taxa and showy plumages, which …

Highlights•Birds and reptiles typically have four types of cone pigment.•Spectral tuning of
cones should be adapted animals' lifestyle.•For diurnal birds and reptiles extensive studies …

Demonstrating the genetic and environmental bases of adaptive phenotypes is a central
goal of biology. Bird colors have a storied tradition at the forefront of conceptual advances in …

Color vision in birds is mediated by four types of cone photoreceptors whose maximal
sensitivities (λmax) are evenly spaced across the light spectrum. In the course of avian …

The evolutionary relationship between signals and animal senses has broad significance,
with potential consequences for speciation, and for the efficacy and honesty of biological …

Ornamentation, such as the showy plumage of birds, is widespread among female
vertebrates, yet the evolutionary pressures sha** female ornamentation remain uncertain …

Evolutionary radiations provide important insights into species diversification, which is
especially true of adaptive radiations. New World wood warblers (Parulidae) are a family of …

Convergent evolution is widely regarded as a signature of adaptation. However, testing the
adaptive consequences of convergent phenotypes is challenging, making it difficult to …

Aim Animal coloration often shows high degrees of evolutionary lability, producing variation
among species that is easily apparent. This variation may produce consistent geographical …