The term 'stress'–coined in 1936–has many definitions, but until now has lacked a
theoretical foundation. Here we present an information-theoretic approach–based on the …

Seventy years of research on intergroup contact, or face-to-face interactions between
members of opposing social groups, demonstrates that positive contact typically reduces …

Reinforcement learning and decision-making (RLDM) provide a quantitative framework and
computational theories with which we can disentangle psychiatric conditions into the basic …

One fundamental question concerning brain reward mechanisms is to determine how
reward-related activity is influenced by the nature of rewards. Here, we review the …

The past decade has seen the emergence of the use of reinforcement learning models to
study developmental change in value-based learning. It is unclear, however, whether these …

Although cells in many brain regions respond to reward, the cortical-basal ganglia circuit is
at the heart of the reward system. The key structures in this network are the anterior …

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects approximately 2–3% of the population and is
characterized by recurrent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or …

White matter (WM) continues to mature through adolescence in parallel with gains in
cognitive ability. To date, developmental changes in human WM microstructure have been …

To better understand the reward circuitry in human brain, we conducted activation likelihood
estimation (ALE) and parametric voxel-based meta-analyses (PVM) on 142 neuroimaging …

Adaptive goal-directed behavior involves monitoring of ongoing actions and performance
outcomes, and subsequent adjustments of behavior and learning. We evaluate new findings …