Interactions between the atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere
are most active in the critical zone, a region extending from the tops of trees to the top of …

Understanding the interactions between surface and deep Earth processes is important for
research in many diverse scientific areas including climate, environment, energy …

The effects of climate and topography on soil physico-chemical and microbial parameters
were studied along an extensive latitudinal climate gradient in the Coastal Cordillera of …

Vegetation influences erosion by stabilizing hillslopes and accelerating weathering, thereby
providing a link between the biosphere and Earth's surface. Previous studies investigating …

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) composed of cyanobacteria, bacteria, algae, fungi, lichens,
and bryophytes stabilize the soil surface. This effect has mainly been studied in arid …

Chemical weathering of continental silicates is a crucial geological process in regulating
Earth's long-term climate and participating in global carbon cycle. The increasing aridity and …

Thermochronometry provides one of few methods to quantify rock exhumation rate and
history, including potential changes in exhumation rate. Thermochronometric ages can …

Mountain landscapes have dynamic climates that, together with tectonic processes,
influence their topographic evolution. Spatial and temporal variations in rainfall are …

Water is one of the main agent of erosion in many environmental settings, but erosion rates
derived from beryllium-10 (10Be) suggests that a relationship between precipitation and …

Abstract The northern South American landscape evolved in response to complex
interactions between geodynamic processes, climate, and sea-level oscillations, culminating …