Over the last seven decades, a significant scientific contribution took place in the delineation
of the implications of vascular endothelial‐derived growth factor (VEGF) in the processes of …

The mammalian retina provides an excellent opportunity to study glia–neuron interactions
and the interactions of glia with blood vessels. Three main types of glial cells are found in …

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most frequently occurring metabolic disorders (DMs),
impairing healthy life around the globe, with mild-to-severe secondary complications. DM is …

Retinal neurodegenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma,
diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa each have a different etiology and …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of visual impairment in the working-
age population. DR is a progressive eye disease caused by long-term accumulation of …

Purpose: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular retinal disease associated with
chronic diabetes mellitus, characterized by the damage of blood vessels in the eye. It is …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of decreased vision and blindness
worldwide. Diabetes-induced oxidative stress is believed to be the key factor that initiates …

Abstract Circadian (24-h) clocks are cell-autonomous biological oscillators that orchestrate
many aspects of our physiology on a daily basis. Numerous circadian rhythms in …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes and constitutes a major
cause of vision impairment and blindness in the world. DR has long been described …

One of the major complications in patients with diabetes is diabetic retinopathy (DR), a
leading cause of blindness worldwide. It causes visual impairment and finally blindness, a …