120 Emotion Review Vol. 5 No. 2 and a feeling component with subjective experience or
feelings. The emotion process is continuous and recursive. Changes in one component feed …

It has been repeatedly shown that, when people have experiences that are inconsistent with
their expectations, they engage in a variety of compensatory efforts. Although there have …

The social psychological literature on threat and defense is fragmented. Groups of
researchers have focused on distinct threats, such as mortality, uncertainty, uncontrollability …

Across eras and literatures, multiple theories have converged on a broad psychological
phenomenon: the common compensation behaviors that follow from violations of our …

We argue that the importance of self-esteem lies in what people believe they need to be or
do to have worth as a person. These contingencies of self-worth are both sources of …

This inquiry attempts to integrate two skeptical emotion theories: dimensional appraisal
theory and Russell's (2003) psychological construction theory. To bring out the skeptical …

In 4 experiments anxious uncertainty threats caused reactive approach motivation (RAM). In
Studies 1 and 2, academic anxious uncertainty threats caused RAM as assessed by …

The present research tested the hypothesis that exercising self-control causes an increase
in approach motivation. Study 1 found that exercising (vs. not exercising) self-control …

Trait self-esteem ranks among the most widely investigated yet misunderstood constructs in
behavioral science. Despite the fact that thousands of studies have examined individual …

Much research has identified how people react to receiving threatening information about
the self. The purpose of this article is to discuss such experiences in the context of a model …