Globally, thermodynamics explains an increase in atmospheric water vapor with warming of
around 7%/° C near to the surface. In contrast, global precipitation and evaporation are …

Weather and climate models are challenged by uncertainties and biases in simulating
Southern Ocean (SO) radiative fluxes that trace to a poor understanding of cloud, aerosol …

We describe the baseline coupled model configuration and simulation characteristics of
GFDL's Earth System Model Version 4.1 (ESM4. 1), which builds on component and coupled …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

Results from the fully-, biogeochemically-, and radiatively-coupled simulations in which CO
2 increases at a rate of 1% per year (1pctCO2) from its pre-industrial value are analyzed to …

Abstract We describe the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's CM4. 0 physical climate
model, with emphasis on those aspects that may be of particular importance to users of this …

This study evaluates the performance of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phases
6 models (CMIP6) in simulating the seasonal evolution and extreme precipitation indices in …

The evolution of tropospheric ozone from 1850 to 2100 has been studied using data from
Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). We evaluate long-term …

Owing to the limited length of observed tropical cyclone data and the effects of multidecadal
internal variability, it has been a challenge to detect trends in tropical cyclone activity on a …

In Part 2 of this two‐part paper, documentation is provided of key aspects of a version of the
AM4. 0/LM4. 0 atmosphere/land model that will serve as a base for a new set of climate and …