Wildlife populations and their habitats are exposed to an expanding diversity and intensity of
stressors caused by human activities, within the broader context of natural processes and …

Animal response to stressors such as harsh environmental conditions and demanding
biological processes requires energy generated through increased mitochondrial activity …

Socioeconomic differences in behaviour are pervasive and well documented, but their
causes are not yet well understood. Here, we make the case that a cluster of behaviours is …

1. Introduction 1.1. What Is Stress? 1.2. Dynamics of the Stress Response and Effects on
Performance 1.3. Contemporary View of the GAS: Eustress versus Distress 1.4. Sensory …

Males and females differ in both parasite load and the strength of immune responses and
these effects have been verified in humans and other vertebrates. Sex hormones act as …

The pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis specifies that closely related species or
populations experiencing different ecological conditions should differ in a suite of metabolic …

Nutrition has long been considered more the domain of medicine and agriculture than of the
biological sciences, yet it touches and shapes all aspects of the natural world. The need for …

Inflammation is a pervasive phenomenon that operates during severe perturbations of
homeostasis, such as infection, injury, and exposure to contaminants, and is triggered by …

Recovery from infection is not always complete, and mild chronic infection may persist.
Although the direct costs of such infections are apparently small, the potential for any long …

It has become increasingly clear that life‐history patterns among the vertebrates have been
shaped by the plethora and variety of immunological risks associated with parasitic faunas …