Polymer composites have progressively found applications in sectors such as automotive,
aerospace and energy storage. Their high performance can be mainly attributed to their …

Abstract 4D printing has attracted tremendous worldwide attention during the past decade.
This technology enables the shape, property, or functionality of printed structures to change …

Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) printing is regarded as a methodology that links 3D printing
to time, which is characterized by the evolution of predetermined structures or functions for …

The widespread availability and easy accessibility of humidity make it essential to explore
simple and low-cost methods to prepare structurally and materially efficient humidity-driven …

Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) printing, an additive manufacturing technology for intelligent
materials and structures, has received increasing scholarly attention for its ability to achieve …

Intelligent actuators have attracted intensive attention due to their broad application
scenarios, ranging from precision manufacturing and autonomous robotics to adaptive …

Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) printing is gradually demonstrating strong competitiveness
in smart devices and intelligent systems, with stable and controlled response modes being a …

Hygroscopic soft actuators offer an attractive means to convert environmental energy to
mechanical motions as they use water vapor, a ubiquitous substance in the atmosphere. To …

Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) are smart materials that have gained significant attention
in recent years owing to their widespread application in smart structures and devices. Digital …

The rapid development and advancements in field of shape memory alloys (SMAA) has
tremendously increased the progress in four-dimensional (4D) printing. The conventional 4D …