During protein synthesis, ribosomes encounter many roadblocks, the outcomes of which are
largely determined by substrate availability, amino acid features and reaction kinetics …

In this review, we highlight the current understanding of translation elongation and recoding
in eukaryotes. In addition to providing an overview of the process, recent advances in our …

G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signal transduction is central to human
physiology and disease intervention, yet the molecular mechanisms responsible for ligand …

Peptide-chain elongation during protein synthesis entails sequential aminoacyl-tRNA
selection and translocation reactions that proceed rapidly (2–20 per second) and with a low …

The ribosome, the integration point for protein synthesis in the cell, is conventionally
considered a homogeneous molecular assembly that only passively contributes to gene …

In all species, ribosomes synthesize proteins by faithfully decoding messenger RNA (mRNA)
nucleotide sequences using aminoacyl-tRNA substrates. Current knowledge of the …

Aminoglycosides are chemically diverse, broad-spectrum antibiotics that target functional
centers within the bacterial ribosome to impact all four principle stages (initiation, elongation …

The conceptual origins of ribosome specialization can be traced back to the earliest days of
molecular biology. Yet, this field has only recently begun to gather momentum, with …

Single-molecule FRET (smFRET) has become a mainstream technique for studying
biomolecular structural dynamics. The rapid and wide adoption of smFRET experiments by …

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a diverse group of non-coding RNAs that direct
chemical modifications at specific residues on other RNA molecules, primarily on ribosomal …