The deep ocean below 200 m water depth is the least observed, but largest habitat on our
planet by volume and area. Over 150 years of exploration has revealed that this dynamic …

The “biological pump” is the process by which photosynthetically-produced organic matter in
the ocean descends from the surface layer to depth by a combination of sinking particles …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

The deep sea (> 200 m depth) encompasses> 95% of the world's ocean volume and
represents the largest and least explored biome on Earth (< 0.0001% of ocean surface), yet …

The legacy and reach of anthropogenic influence is most clearly evidenced by its impact on
the most remote and inaccessible habitats on Earth. Here we identify extraordinary levels of …

Deep-seafloor organisms consume oxygen, which can be measured by in situ benthic
chamber experiments. Here we report such experiments at the polymetallic nodule-covered …

In marine ecosystems, rising atmospheric CO2 and climate change are associated with
concurrent shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input, oxygen content, and …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

The deep sea, the largest ecosystem on Earth and one of the least studied, harbours high
biodiversity and provides a wealth of resources. Although humans have used the oceans for …

Rising demand for minerals and metals, including for use in the technology sector, has led to
a resurgence of interest in exploration of mineral resources located on the seabed. Such …