Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected
cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and …

Modern optogenetics can be tuned to evoke activity that corresponds to naturally occurring
local or global activity in timing, magnitude or individual-cell patterning. This outcome has …

The fast-growing field of bioelectronic medicine aims to develop engineered systems that
can relieve clinical conditions by stimulating the peripheral nervous system,,,–. This type of …

A key assumption of optogenetics is that light only affects opsin-expressing neurons.
However, illumination invariably heats tissue, and many physiological processes are …

At the core of value-based learning is the nucleus accumbens (NAc). D1-and D2-receptor-
containing medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the NAc core are hypothesized to have …

Recent progress in fluorescence imaging allows neuroscientists to observe the dynamics of
thousands of individual neurons, identified genetically or by their connectivity, across …

The mediodorsal thalamus (MD) shares reciprocal connectivity with the prefrontal cortex
(PFC), and decreased MD–PFC connectivity is observed in schizophrenia patients. Patients …

Human skin relies on cutaneous receptors that output digital signals for tactile sensing in
which the intensity of stimulation is converted to a series of voltage pulses. We present a …

Optogenetic tools enable examination of how specific cell types contribute to brain circuit
functions. A long-standing question is whether it is possible to independently activate two …

The pulsatile release of luteinizing hormone (LH) is critical for mammalian fertility. However,
despite several decades of investigation, the identity of the neuronal network generating …