Data assimilation (DA) and uncertainty quantification (UQ) are extensively used in analysing
and reducing error propagation in high-dimensional spatial-temporal dynamics. Typical …

Soil moisture observations are of broad scientific interest and practical value for a wide
range of applications. The scientific community has made significant progress in estimating …

Abstract Within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), ECMWF is producing the
ERA5 reanalysis which, once completed, will embody a detailed record of the global …

In this paper we describe SEAS5, ECMWF's fifth generation seasonal forecast system, which
became operational in November 2017. Compared to its predecessor, System 4, SEAS5 is a …

Warming surface temperatures have driven a substantial reduction in the extent and
duration of Northern Hemisphere snow cover,–. These changes in snow cover affect Earth's …

We commonly refer to state estimation theory in geosciences as data assimilation (DA). This
term encompasses the entire sequence of operations that, starting from the observations of a …

Estimating how much water is flowing through rivers at the global scale is challenging due to
a lack of observations in space and time. A way forward is to optimally combine the global …

Seasonal snow is an essential water resource in many mountain regions. However, the
spatio-temporal variability in mountain snow depth or snow water equivalent (SWE) at …

Soil moisture is widely recognized as a key parameter in the mass and energy balance
between the land surface and the atmosphere and, hence, the potential societal benefits of …

The 2018 drought and heatwave over northern Europe were exceptional, with
unprecedented forest fires in Sweden, searing heat in Germany and water restrictions in …