The innate immune system serves as the body's first line of defense, utilizing pattern
recognition receptors like Toll‐like receptors to detect pathogens and initiate rapid response …

Determining an individual's humoral immune reactivity to a pathogen, autoantigen, or
environmental agent is traditionally accomplished through the assessment of specific …

Background In recent years, the use of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has become
increasingly common, leading to severe environmental pollution and harm to aquatic …

Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infections of thread-like filarial worms, namely Wuchereria
bancrofti, Brugia Malayi and Brugia timori. However, in-depth analysis of the antibody …

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is considered a rare autoimmune disease in which there are
alterations of both the innate and adaptive immune response resulting in the production of …

Aims To investigate the association between long-term exposure to PM 2.5, PM 10, NO 2
and O 3 with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections and COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody …

HIV causes intense polyclonal activation of B cells, resulting in increased numbers of
spontaneously antibody-secreting cells in the circulation and hypergammaglobulinemia. It is …

Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cause of atherosclerosis (AS).
However, definitive evidence regarding the common molecular mechanisms underlying …

Background Spinal Ependymoma (SP-EP) is the most commonly occurring tumor affecting
the spinal cord. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can significantly enhance prognostic …

T follicular helper cells (Tfh) were initially identified nearly two decades ago as critically
important in directing B-cell maturation and antibody generation in the germinal centers of …