In recent decades, problems related to fresh water has become a very important issue for
humans. Small-scale desalination (SSD) systems, besides large-scale desalination (LSD) …

In this article, we present a critical review of the reported performance of reverse osmosis
(RO) and capacitive deionization (CDI) for brackish water (salinity< 5.0 g/L) desalination …

Reverse Osmosis (RO) is becoming increasingly popular for seawater desalination and
wastewater reclamation. However, fouling of the membranes adversely impacts the overall …

Contamination and industrial development are among the reasons for water quality
deterioration beyond treatability by conventional processes. Unfortunately, conventional …

Conventional drinking water treatment processes have faced several obstacles that are
severely affected by water pollution and shortage, which makes it difficult to produce potable …

Water is needed at different qualities for various types of municipal/public, agricultural, and
industrial consumption which account for about 23, 67, and 9%, respectively, of total fresh …

Background Increasing attention is being paid to the treatment of shale gas fracturing
wastewater, including flowback and produced water (FPW). Energy-efficient pretreatment …

Due to a significant drop in the energy needed for RO desalination from 12 kWh/m 3 to~ 2
kWh/m 3 over the past 20 years, which is close to the theoretical minimum for recovering salt …

Deficiencies in commercial programs for the design of RO systems motivate the
development of new ones that allow a flexible design and more realistic operating …

Semi-batch reverse osmosis (SBRO) desalination was investigated via process modeling
and experimentally using a spiral-wound SBRO pilot system. The salinity increase during …