Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

The brain has almost no energy reserve, but its activity coordinates organismal function, a
burden that requires precise coupling between neurotransmission and energy metabolism …

Lactate in the brain has long been associated with ischaemia; however, more recent
evidence shows that it can be found there under physiological conditions. In the brain …

Glucose is the long-established, obligatory fuel for brain that fulfills many critical functions,
including ATP production, oxidative stress management, and synthesis of neurotransmitters …

The energy demands of the brain are high: they account for at least 20% of the body's
energy consumption. Evolutionary studies indicate that the emergence of higher cognitive …

Reprogramming of biochemical pathways is a hallmark of cancer cells, and generation of
lactic acid from glucose/glutamine represents one of the consequences of such metabolic …

Lactate (La−) has long been at the center of controversy in research, clinical, and athletic
settings. Since its discovery in 1780, La− has often been erroneously viewed as simply a …

Investigating lactate dynamics in brain tissue is challenging, partly because in vivo data at
cellular resolution are not available. We monitored lactate in cortical astrocytes and neurons …

Recent advances have clarified how the brain detects CO 2 to regulate breathing (central
respiratory chemoreception). These mechanisms are reviewed and their significance is …

l-lactate is a product of aerobic glycolysis that can be used by neurons as an energy
substrate. Here we report that in neurons l-lactate stimulates the expression of synaptic …