Accumulating evidence implicates metabolites produced by gut microbes as crucial
mediators of diet-induced host-microbial cross-talk. Here, we review emerging data …

Abstract l-Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP) is involved in
the regulation of immunity, neuronal function and intestinal homeostasis. Imbalances in Trp …

The environment, diet, microbiota and body's metabolism shape complex biological
processes in health and disease. However, our understanding of the molecular pathways …

Microbial infections are recognized by the innate immune system both to elicit immediate
defense and to generate long-lasting adaptive immunity. To detect and respond to vastly …

Cytokines are among the most important effector and messenger molecules in the immune
system. They profoundly participate in immune responses during infection and inflammation …

The microbiota plays a fundamental role in the induction, education, and function of the host
immune system. In return, the host immune system has evolved multiple means by which to …

The diverse and dynamic microbial community of the human gastrointestinal tract plays a
vital role in health, with gut microbiota supporting the development and function of the gut …

A well-functioning immune system is vital for a healthy body. Inadequate and excessive
immune responses underlie diverse pathologies such as serious infections, metastatic …

Microglia and astrocytes modulate inflammation and neurodegeneration in the central
nervous system (CNS),–. Microglia modulate pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic activities in …

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation by tryptophan (Trp) catabolites enhances tumor
malignancy and suppresses anti-tumor immunity. The context specificity of AHR target …