Observations of temperature, winds, and atmospheric trace gases suggest that the transition
from troposphere to stratosphere occurs in a layer, rather than at a sharp “tropopause.” In the …

Large volcanic eruptions are an important driving factor of natural climate variability. A
sound assessment of the role of volcanoes in the climate system in comparison to other …

This report is the first complete assessment of the science of climate change since Working
Group I (WGI) of the IPCC produced its second report Climate Change 1995: The Science of …

Stratospheric water vapor concentrations decreased by about 10% after the year 2000. Here
we show that this acted to slow the rate of increase in global surface temperature over 2000 …

Observed climate change and variability (for definitions, see the IPCC Glossary, Appendix I)
are considered in this chapter by addressing seven commonly asked questions related to …

We have used the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model to produce a small (three‐
member) ensemble of simulations of the period 1950–2003. Comparison of model results …

It is now apparent that observed increases in stratospheric water vapor may have
contributed significantly to both stratospheric cooling and tropospheric warming over the last …

In this paper, we describe the construction of the Stratospheric Water and Ozone Satellite
Homogenized (SWOOSH) database, which includes vertically resolved ozone and water …

Evidence of mid-latitude ozone depletion and proof that the Antarctic ozone hole was
caused by humans spurred policy makers from the late 1980s onwards to ratify the Montreal …

Time series of stratospheric water vapor measurements by satellites and balloons show
persistent low values beginning in 2001. Temperature observations show that the tropical …