Foundation species define ecosystems, control the biological diversity of associated
species, modulate critical ecosystem processes, and often have important cultural values …

The conservation of biodiversity from the genetic to the community levels is fundamental for
the continual provision of ecosystem services (ES), the benefits that ecosystems provide to …

International agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) have
committed to conserve, and sustainably and equitably use, biodiversity. The CBD is a vital …

Global conservation policy and action have largely neglected protecting and monitoring
genetic diversity—one of the three main pillars of biodiversity. Genetic diversity (diversity …

Evolution has been viewed as occurring primarily through selection among individuals. We
present a framework based on multilevel selection for evaluating evolutionary change from …

Understanding global patterns of genetic diversity is essential for describing, monitoring,
and preserving life on Earth. To date, efforts to map macrogenetic patterns have been …

Recent studies demonstrate that ecological and evolutionary processes can occur over
similar temporal and spatial scales and might thus frequently interact. Although concepts …

Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood) is recognized as one of the most important
foundation tree species in the southwestern USA and northern Mexico because of its ability …

Linking mechanistic processes to the stability of ecological networks is a key frontier in
ecology. In trophic networks,“modules”—groups of species that interact more with each other …

Community genetics aims to understand the effects of intraspecific genetic variation on
community composition and diversity, thereby connecting community ecology with …