The advent of ribosome profiling and other tools to probe mRNA translation has revealed
that codon bias—the uneven use of synonymous codons in the transcriptome—serves as a …

The redundancy of the genetic code implies that most amino acids are encoded by multiple
synonymous codons. In all domains of life, a biased frequency of synonymous codons is …

Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons, is found in all genomes.
Although synonymous mutations were previously thought to be silent, a large body of …

Despite their name, synonymous mutations have significant consequences for cellular
processes in all taxa. As a result, an understanding of codon bias is central to fields as …

Synonymous mutations do not alter the encoded protein, but they can influence gene
expression. To investigate how, we engineered a synthetic library of 154 genes that varied …

Although the genetic code is redundant, synonymous codons for the same amino acid are
not used with equal frequencies in genomes, a phenomenon termed “codon usage bias.” …

In a wide variety of organisms, synonymous codons are used with different frequencies, a
phenomenon known as codon bias. Population genetic studies have shown that …

Strikingly consistent correlations between rates of coding-sequence evolution and gene
expression levels are apparent across taxa, but the biological causes behind the selective …

Proper functioning of biological cells requires that the process of protein expression be
carried out with high efficiency and fidelity. Given an amino‐acid sequence of a protein …

Error s in protein synthesis disrupt cellular fitness, cause disease phenotypes and shape
gene and genome evolution. Experimental and theoretical results on this topic have …