Drug addiction is a devastating condition that poses a serious burden on the society. The
use of some drugs like morphine for their tremendous analgesic properties is also …

Technological innovations have transformed the way scientists approach biological and
clinical questions, transiting from conventional ensemble assays in bulk to emphasize on the …

Mechanistic modeling in neuroscience aims to explain observed phenomena in terms of
underlying causes. However, determining which model parameters agree with complex and …

Electrochemical sensors provide means for real-time monitoring of neurotransmitter release
events, which is a relatively easy process in simple electrolytes. However, this does not …

Neuron interface devices can be used to explore the relationships between neuron firing
and synaptic transmission, as well as to diagnose and treat neurological disorders, such as …

Brain functions are fundamental for the survival of organisms, and they are supported by
neural circuits consisting of a variety of neurons. To investigate the function of neurons at the …

Cation and anion channelrhodopsins (CCRs and ACRs, respectively) from phototactic algae
have become widely used as genetically encoded molecular tools to control cell membrane …

The patch-clamp technique is one of the best approaches to investigate neural excitability.
Impressive improvements towards the automation of the patch-clamp technique have been …

Biological neurons are clustered and functional synapses are created to propagate electric
signals accompanying with formation of spatial patterns in the neural network. From physical …

Abstract Non-invasive Micro-test Technology (NMT) is a selective microelectrode technique
which can detect the flux rates and three-dimensional motion directions of ions or molecules …